GMAP van Mastercard heeft de regels voor terugboekingen volledig herzien. Dit is wat er voor u concreet verandert.

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TL;DR:
- Het Global Merchant Audit Program (GMAP) van Mastercard treedt op 1 april 2027 in werking. Het vervangt het ACMP en brengt de bestaande categorieën voor fraude en geschillen samen in één geïntegreerd kader
- Vier nieuwe categorieën (HDM, EDM, HDA, EDA) kunnen handelaren en acquirers al bij slechts 5 transacties markeren, wat ver onder de oude ECM-drempel van 100 chargebacks ligt
- De drempelwaarde voor de ECM-ratio daalt zelf stapsgewijs, van 150-299 basispunten (2027-2028) tot 90-299 basispunten in 2031
- EDM-beoordelingen beginnen bij 5.000 dollar per maand en kunnen oplopen tot 300.000 dollar, met aansprakelijkheid met terugwerkende kracht voor handelaren die twee maanden lang boven de drempel blijven
- Acquirers face their own thresholds, 0.5% for High Dispute Acquirer and 0.7% for Excessive Dispute Acquirer status, with license risk that escalates the longer a portfolio stays over the line
Note: Mastercard’s bulletin covering these changes (GLB 14127.1) has not been published publicly. This article is based on acquirer and industry summaries of it, not the bulletin itself.
Mastercard is retiring its patchwork of fraud and dispute monitoring programs and replacing them with one unified framework: the Global Merchant Audit Program, or GMAP. It takes effect April 1, 2027.
If you’ve been tracking Visa’s Acquirer Monitoring Program (VAMP) rollout, the shape of this will feel familiar. Mastercard is doing what Visa already did: collapsing separate fraud and dispute scorecards into one combined ratio. GMAP introduces four new monitoring categories, restructures how submerchants get tracked, and adds new financial assessment schedules for both merchants and acquirers.
Dit is wat er daadwerkelijk in staat, en wat dit betekent voor de manier waarop u tussen nu en 2027 het voorkomen en terugvorderen van chargebacks aanpakt.
Apr 1, 2027 GMAP takes effect, replacing ACMP | 5+ Transactions can trigger HDM/EDM status | $300K Max monthly EDM assessment | 0.7% EDA acquirer dispute-ratio threshold | 40% Drop in the ECM ratio threshold by 2031 |
Wat GMAP vervangt, en wat het behoudt
GMAP neemt het Acquirer Chargeback Monitoring Program (ACMP) over en integreert de bestaande categorieën van Mastercard op het gebied van fraude en geschillen. Drie categorieën blijven grotendeels ongewijzigd: Excessive Fraud Merchant (EFM), Excessive Chargeback Merchant (ECM) en High Excessive Chargeback Merchant (HECM).
Four new categories get added on top, and this is where GMAP earns its comparison to VAMP:
- High Dispute Merchant (HDM) en Excessive Dispute Merchant (EDM): categorieën op handelaarsniveau waarin zowel frauduleuze als niet-frauduleuze geschillen worden samengevoegd tot één enkele ratio
- Acquirers met veel geschillen (HDA) en acquirers met buitensporig veel geschillen (EDA): categorieën op portefeuilleniveau waarmee acquirers verantwoordelijk worden gehouden voor de handelaren die zij accepteren
The practical effect: a clean chargeback ratio no longer protects you if your fraud rate is high, and vice versa. Both numbers now count against the same scorecard.
Mastercard is also renaming its SAFE fraud-reporting system to FLD, the Fraud and Loss Database. That is more than a label change: FLD is the same feed that now counts directly toward HDM and EDM status, including fraud that was reported but never resulted in a chargeback.
The ECM Threshold Is Getting Tighter, in Stages
Mastercard verlaagt de ECM-drempel niet in één keer. Het bedrijf voert de verlaging geleidelijk door over een periode van vier jaar, te beginnen in 2029:
| Geldigheidsduur | Bereik van de ECM-verhouding |
|---|---|
| 2027–2028 | 150–299 basispunten (geen verandering) |
| 2029 | 130–299 basispunten |
| 2030 | 110–299 basispunten |
| 2031 | 90–299 basispunten |
Tegen 2031 zal de drempel die leidt tot de status van „Excessive Chargeback Merchant“ met 40% zijn gedaald. Het minimum van 100 chargebacks blijft ongewijzigd, en de HECM-status treedt nog steeds in werking bij 300+ basispunten.
Mastercard is also shifting monitoring to the submerchant ID where one is available, instead of the shared Merchant ID (MID). For any business processing under a payment facilitator, this means a high-risk submerchant is tracked individually, rather than blended into the aggregate numbers of other submerchants sharing the same MID.
HDM en EDM leggen handelaars vast die de oude regels niet in acht namen
Voor ECM is altijd een aanzienlijk transactievolume vereist voordat de regeling van toepassing is. Voor HDM en EDM geldt dat niet. Beide categorieën kunnen al in werking treden bij slechts 5 afgewikkelde transacties per maand, mits ook aan de drempels voor het bedrag in dollars en de verhouding wordt voldaan:
| Categorie | Minimale transacties | Dollardrempel | Verhouding |
|---|---|---|---|
| Handelaar met veel geschillen | 5+ | $5,000+ combined fraud and non-fraud chargebacks | 5%+ |
| Handelaar met buitensporig veel geschillen | 5+ | $10,000+ combined fraud and non-fraud chargebacks | 50%+ |
Een kleine of nieuwere handelaar met een handvol ongeldige transacties in een rustige maand kan in de HDM- of EDM-categorie terechtkomen, een volumeniveau dat nooit in de buurt zou zijn gekomen van de ECM-drempel van 100 chargebacks.
The financial consequences escalate month over month once a merchant is flagged. HDM assessments start at $0 for the first six months, then climb to $5,000, $10,000, and eventually $25,000 monthly. EDM is far less forgiving: assessments start at $5,000 in month one, jump to $25,000 in month two, and hit $100,000 by month three, eventually reaching $300,000 monthly for sustained noncompliance.
The month-over-month progression is the part finance teams need for accrual planning, not just the endpoints. Here's the full ladder for both categories:
| Escalation stage | HDM monthly assessment | EDM monthly assessment |
|---|---|---|
| Initial period (months 1–6 for HDM; month 1 for EDM) | $0 | $5,000 |
| First escalation (month 7+ for HDM; month 2 for EDM) | $5,000 | $25,000 |
| Second escalation (month 3 for EDM) | $10,000 | $100,000 |
| Third escalation | $25,000 (ceiling) | $200,000 |
| Sustained noncompliance (19+ months) | $25,000 continues | $300,000 (ceiling) |
HDM and EDM run on independent clocks, since a merchant can be flagged under one, both, or neither depending on which combination of dollar and ratio thresholds it crosses. The stages above track escalation order, not a single shared calendar month between the two categories. Confirm exact figures against Mastercard's Security Rules and Procedures manual before using them for budget commitments, since card-network thresholds move on bulletin cycles.
EDM status also carries retroactive and forward-looking liability. Cross the threshold for two months and you become liable for fraud-related chargebacks going back three months before identification, plus the following six months. Mastercard plans to publish an EDM merchant list, and issuers get access to reason code 4849 to recover 100% of the transaction amount on any dispute during that window.
Ook de overnemers zijn aansprakelijk
Acquirers with concentrated high-risk merchant portfolios carry the most exposure under these thresholds. Some acquirers may apply internal chargeback limits stricter than Mastercard’s own thresholds, so it is worth confirming directly with your acquirer what limits, if any, apply to your account.
Specifically, Mastercard sets High Dispute Acquirer (HDA) status at a 0.5% combined fraud-and-dispute ratio and Excessive Dispute Acquirer (EDA) status at 0.7%, with both requiring at least 1,500 cleared transactions and 1,500 combined cases in the review period:
| Categorie | Minimum volume | Verhouding |
|---|---|---|
| High Dispute Acquirer (HDA) | 1,500+ cleared transactions and 1,500+ combined cases | 0.5%+ |
| Excessive Dispute Acquirer (EDA) | 1,500+ cleared transactions and 1,500+ combined cases | 0.7%+ |
Hoe langer een portefeuille boven de drempelwaarde blijft, hoe hoger de boetes worden, en er staat meer op het spel dan alleen vergoedingen: bij 12 of meer maanden van niet-naleving kan een door de franchise zelf gefinancierde beoordeling in het kader van het Franchise Management Program worden gestart, en bij 19 of meer maanden kunnen beperkingen, opschorting of beëindiging van de Mastercard-licentie van de overnemer aan de orde komen.
How Reason Code 4849 Connects to the Acquirer Consequence Ladder
Reason code 4849 is the line item that turns EDM status into real financial exposure, and it links straight through to your acquirer's own risk profile. Here's how one merchant's dispute activity escalates, step by step:
| Podium | Wat gebeurt er? | Falls On |
|---|---|---|
| Merchant crosses the EDM threshold for 2 consecutive months | Issuers gain access to reason code 4849 | Handelaar |
| Reason code 4849 is filed on a dispute | Issuer recovers 100% of the transaction amount, covering 3 months retroactively and 6 months forward | Handelaar |
| Reason code 4849 activity sustains | Feeds the underwriting acquirer's own HDA/EDA ratio, since every merchant in the portfolio counts toward it | Acquirer |
| Acquirer portfolio stays noncompliant for 12+ months | Triggers a self-funded Franchise Management Program review | Acquirer |
| Acquirer portfolio stays noncompliant for 19+ months | Restrictions, suspension, or termination of the acquirer's Mastercard license | Acquirer |
| Merchant relationship is terminated | Added to Mastercard's MATCH registry, locked out of card acceptance industry-wide | Handelaar |
Attribution of reason code 4849 is inconsistent across industry sources, some tie it to QMAP rather than GMAP. Mastercard's own Chargeback Guide (Merchant Edition) is the authoritative reference for reason code definitions and should be checked directly rather than relying on any single third-party summary.
For a merchant, the practical read is this: your dispute activity doesn't stop at your own GMAP status. It feeds your acquirer's HDA/EDA ratio, and a bad enough portfolio can put your acquirer's own Mastercard license at risk, which is exactly why acquirers move to offboard high-risk merchants long before a Franchise Management Program review becomes a real possibility.
Ook QMAP krijgt meer slagkracht
On the same April 2027 date, Mastercard is tightening the Questionable Merchant Audit Program. The transaction volume floor for a QMAP case drops from $50,000 to $10,000, and the standard case window shrinks from 120 days to 30 (extendable to 60). Mastercard is also removing the rule that limited certain merchant identification to businesses under six months old, meaning older, established accounts are no longer exempt from scrutiny purely by tenure.
GMAP vs. GRIP, GCMS, SMMP, and QMAP: Sorting Out Mastercard's Acronym Soup
A notice or headline that mentions Mastercard and a string of capital letters doesn't automatically mean GMAP. Mastercard runs several distinct programs with overlapping names, and merchants routinely misattribute one for another. Here's how the ones most often confused with GMAP actually relate to it.
| Acronym | Stands for | What it actually is | Relationship to GMAP |
|---|---|---|---|
| GRIP | Global Risk Investigation Program (referred to as the Global Rules Investigation Program in some acquirer-facing materials) | A fraud-flagging notice track. A GRIP letter means Mastercard has already flagged the account for suspected fraudulent activity at the network level. | Separate program. GRIP is a trigger under Mastercard's Scam Merchant Monitoring Program (SMMP), not a GMAP category. |
| GCMS | Global Clearing Management System | Mastercard's transaction clearing and settlement infrastructure, the system that routes transaction data between acquirers and issuers. | No relationship. GCMS is settlement plumbing, not a monitoring or compliance program, and shares no mechanics with GMAP. |
| SMMP | Scam Merchant Monitoring Program | An investigation-based program, effective July 24, 2026, giving acquirers 72 hours to investigate a flagged merchant. Confirmed scam activity means immediate processing termination. | Runs in parallel to GMAP, not inside it. A merchant can be clean on every GMAP ratio and still be terminated under SMMP. |
| QMAP | Questionable Merchant Audit Program | Reviews merchants for prohibited or high-risk business practices, not chargeback ratios. | Distinct program that happens to change on the same April 2027 date as GMAP (see the QMAP section above). Not a GMAP category. |
| ECM / EFM | Excessive Chargeback Merchant / Excessive Fraud Merchant | Legacy ratio-based fraud and dispute categories. | Absorbed directly into GMAP, unlike GRIP, GCMS, SMMP, and QMAP, which all stay separate. |
What Is the Mastercard Global Risk Investigation Program (GRIP)?
GRIP is not a GMAP category. It's the notice track Mastercard uses when it has already flagged a merchant account for suspected fraudulent activity at the network level, ahead of any acquirer-side investigation. A GRIP letter arriving at your acquirer is one of the recognized triggers for an SMMP investigation, with a 72-hour window to act. If you receive a GRIP-related notice, treat it as a scam-monitoring event, not a GMAP dispute-ratio event, since the response process and consequences differ.
What Is Mastercard GCMS?
GCMS is the Global Clearing Management System, Mastercard's back-end infrastructure for clearing and settling transactions between acquirers and issuers. It has nothing to do with chargeback or fraud monitoring. Merchants confuse it with GMAP purely on acronym similarity; operationally, the two share no thresholds, no scoring, and no consequences.
Chargeflow has a full breakdown of Mastercard's other major 2026 enforcement track, the Scam Merchant Monitoring Program (SMMP), including the 72-hour investigation window, the GRIP letter trigger, and what documentation acquirers expect during a review.
De echte conclusie: fraude en geschillen worden nu in één cijfer weergegeven
Of u nu voornamelijk via Mastercard, Visa of beide verwerkt: beide kaartnetwerken stappen af van het afzonderlijk bijhouden van fraude en geschillen en gaan over op één gecombineerde risicoscore, waarbij dat toezicht zich uitstrekt tot op het niveau van de subhandelaar en tot op het niveau van de acquirer. Fraudepreventie en geschillenbeslechting moeten nu in realtime op basis van dezelfde gegevens werken, omdat GMAP deze gezamenlijk beoordeelt.
Tools voor terugboekingen en fraudebestrijding bevinden zich vaak in afzonderlijke systemen, worden weergegeven op afzonderlijke dashboards en vallen onder de verantwoordelijkheid van verschillende teams. GMAP telt uw fraudeprocent en uw percentage geschillen als één post, ongeacht hoe die teams zijn georganiseerd. Als deze twee percentages momenteel dus niet gezamenlijk worden bijgehouden, wordt die discrepantie vanaf april 2027 meegenomen in de maandelijkse beoordeling.
Hoe maak je je klaar voor GMAP?
None of this requires waiting until 2027. Here is the practical checklist to work through now, before your first monthly counter starts.
- Audit your data sources first. Pull your fraud reports (soon to live in Mastercard’s FLD) and your non-fraud chargebacks into one view. GMAP scores them together, so if your team still tracks them separately, you are already behind the metric Mastercard will use.
- Zorg ervoor dat fraudemeldingen correct zijn voordat ze bij FLD terechtkomen. GMAP telt bevestigde fraudegevallen mee, zelfs als er geen terugvordering is ingediend. Een onjuiste of verkeerd gecodeerde fraudemelding heeft dus dezelfde invloed op uw ratio als een bevestigd geval. Betwist of corrigeer eventuele meldingen die volgens u onjuist zijn, in plaats van ze in het dossier te laten staan.
- Controleer waar je subhandelaar-ID’s zich daadwerkelijk bevinden. Als je betalingen verwerkt via een betalingsfacilitator of een gedeelde MID, controleer dan of de ID’s op subhandelaarniveau zijn ingevuld. GMAP voert waar mogelijk controles uit op subhandelaarniveau, zodat een foutloze bovenliggende MID een problematische rekening niet langer verbergt.
- Ask your acquirer where their internal line is, not just Mastercard’s. Acquirers are held to a stricter 0.5% (HDA) or 0.7% (EDA) threshold than any merchant category, and some may apply additional internal limits on top of it.
- Los de geschillen op die u van meet af aan kunt voorkomen. Duidelijke voorwaarden voor terugbetalingen en annuleringen, een herkenbare omschrijving op de afschriften en preventieve waarschuwingen waarmee een klacht kan worden opgelost voordat deze uitmondt in een formele terugvordering, zorgen er allemaal voor dat zowel uw fraudepercentage als uw percentage geschillen in één klap daalt.
- Put both numbers on one dashboard. Fraud rate and dispute rate need to live in the same view, tracked monthly, because that is the exact shape of the number GMAP will use to flag you.
Hoe Chargeflow die kloof dicht voordat het u geld kost
That checklist is exactly what Chargeflow’s Chargeback OS runs for you, treating fraud prevention, dispute resolution, and chargeback ratio management as one connected system instead of three disconnected tools.
Prevention that moves the ratio before it is tested. Chargeflow’s Alerts product is powered by both Visa and Mastercard alert networks and can cut chargebacks by up to 90%, starting within 24 hours of activation. Every prevented chargeback never touches your GMAP ratio, your submerchant record, or your acquirer’s portfolio number. Under a framework where a handful of disputes can trigger HDM status, prevention is one of the most direct ways to keep disputes off your ratio.
Recovery that doesn't waste your remaining margin. For chargebacks that do get filed, Chargeflow Intelligence automatically gathers and organizes evidence across 1,000+ enriched data points, tailored to your specific business and transaction types, with a 100% submission rate and no missed deadlines. Because Chargeflow's pricing is success-based, you only pay when a case is recovered, so testing your defenses against GMAP's new categories costs nothing if it doesn't work.
Inzicht in het cijfer dat er nu toe doet. Het Insights-dashboard van Chargeflow biedt u één overzicht van de drempelwaarden voor chargeback-ratio’s en proactieve AI-aanbevelingen, zodat u uw totale blootstelling aan fraude en geschillen kunt zien op dezelfde manier als GMAP deze beoordeelt, ruim voordat de maandelijkse telling begint en lang voordat een audit van start gaat.
Merchants that treat fraud and disputes as one number, tracked continuously and acted on immediately, carry less exposure under GMAP. That is the model Chargeflow has been built around from the start.
Veelgestelde vragen over GMAP
Wanneer treedt het GMAP-programma van Mastercard in werking?
GMAP treedt op 1 april 2027 in werking. De verlagingen van de ECM-ratiodrempels worden stapsgewijs doorgevoerd, te beginnen in 2029 en voltooid in 2031.
What is Mastercard’s Excessive Chargeback Merchant (ECM) program?
Excessive Chargeback Merchant (ECM) is a Mastercard chargeback-monitoring category that flags merchants with at least 100 chargebacks in a month and a chargeback-to-transaction ratio inside a set basis-point range. Under GMAP, ECM carries over from the retired Acquirer Chargeback Monitoring Program largely unchanged, but its ratio threshold tightens in stages: 150–299 basis points through 2028, then down to 90–299 basis points by 2031. Merchants that clear 300+ basis points are instead classified as High Excessive Chargeback Merchant (HECM).
Wat is het verschil tussen ECM en de nieuwe HDM/EDM-categorieën?
ECM requires a minimum of 100 chargebacks before it applies. High Dispute Merchant (HDM) and Excessive Dispute Merchant (EDM) can trigger with as few as 5 cleared transactions in a month if the dollar and ratio thresholds are also met, catching smaller merchants ECM never reached.
Vervangt GMAP het Acquirer Chargeback Monitoring Program (ACMP)?
Ja. GMAP neemt ACMP over en integreert de bestaande categorieën voor fraude en geschillen van Mastercard (EFM, ECM, HECM), waarna vier nieuwe categorieën worden toegevoegd: HDM, EDM, High Dispute Acquirer (HDA) en Excessive Dispute Acquirer (EDA).
What happens if a merchant is flagged as an Excessive Dispute Merchant (EDM)?
Monthly assessments start at $5,000 and can reach $300,000 for sustained noncompliance. Crossing the EDM threshold for two months also creates retroactive liability for fraud-related chargebacks going back three months, plus the following six.
Is GMAP similar to Visa’s VAMP program?
Ja. Beide kaartnetwerken stappen af van afzonderlijke scorecards voor fraude en geschillen en gaan over op één gecombineerde risicoratio waarin zowel fraude- als niet-fraudegerelateerde geschillen worden meegenomen.

Chargebacks?
Dat is niet langer jouw probleem.
Haal 4x meer chargebacks terug en voorkom tot 90% van de inkomende betalingen, dankzij AI en een wereldwijd netwerk van 20.000 handelaren.














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